Motion · 3 min read
Average Speed: the method, worked through
Average speed summarizes a complete journey using total path length and elapsed time.
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Average Speed
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Motion01
Average Speed
Average speed summarizes a complete journey using total path length and elapsed time.
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Travel Distance
Constant-speed travel produces a distance proportional to elapsed time.
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Travel Time
Dividing a path length by steady speed estimates the time needed to cover it.
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Average Acceleration
Acceleration measures how velocity changes over time and can be signed in one dimension.
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Final Velocity
Uniform acceleration changes velocity by a fixed amount each second.
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Displacement under Acceleration
The displacement combines the initial-velocity contribution with the effect of constant acceleration.
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Free-Fall Time
An object released from rest accelerates downward under a uniform gravitational field.
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Free-Fall Impact Speed
Conservation of energy relates a drop from rest to the ideal final speed.
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Projectile Range
The ideal horizontal range depends on launch speed and elevation angle when landing height equals launch height.
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Projectile Maximum Height
Only the vertical component of launch velocity determines height above the launch point in an ideal trajectory.
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Projectile Flight Time
A symmetric ideal trajectory spends equal time rising and falling to its original elevation.
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Force from Acceleration
Newton's second law connects net force to acceleration for constant mass.
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Weight Force
Weight is a force caused by gravity and varies with gravitational field strength.
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Momentum
Linear momentum combines mass with signed velocity in one dimension.
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Impulse
Impulse accumulates force over time and equals the change in momentum.
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Spring Force Magnitude
Hooke's law relates small elastic deformation to restoring force magnitude.
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Kinetic Friction
A simple dry-friction model estimates sliding resistance from normal force and a friction coefficient.
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Torque Magnitude
Torque depends on the force component perpendicular to the lever arm.
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Centripetal Acceleration
Circular motion requires inward acceleration even at constant speed.
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Centripetal Force
The net radial force needed for circular motion grows with the square of speed.
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Kinetic Energy
Translational kinetic energy is the energy associated with motion of a mass.
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Gravitational Potential Energy
Near a planetary surface, a change in height changes gravitational potential energy approximately linearly.
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Spring Potential Energy
An ideal linear spring stores elastic energy as it stretches or compresses.
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Work by Constant Force
Work depends on the component of a constant force along the displacement.
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Average Mechanical Power
Power describes the rate of transferring energy or doing work.
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Mechanical Efficiency
Efficiency compares useful output with the total energy supplied to a defined system.
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Mass Density
Density connects how much mass occupies a measured volume.
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Pressure from Force
Average pressure spreads a normal force over its contact area.
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Hydrostatic Pressure
Fluid pressure rises with depth under uniform density and gravity.
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Buoyant Force
Buoyancy equals the weight of displaced fluid in the elementary hydrostatic model.
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Volume Flow Rate
Volumetric flow connects average speed through a section with that section's area.
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Mass Flow Rate
Mass flow converts a volume flow using the density at the measurement conditions.
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Wave Speed
A wave travels one wavelength during one cycle, linking frequency, wavelength and propagation speed.
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Wave Frequency
Frequency is the number of cycles passing a point per second.
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Oscillation Period
The period is the duration of a single repeating cycle.
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Simple Pendulum Period
A simple pendulum's small-angle period depends primarily on length and gravity.
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Mass-Spring Period
An ideal mass-spring oscillator has a period set by inertia and restoring stiffness.
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Angular Speed from RPM
Angular speed converts complete turns per minute into radians per second.
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Tangential Speed
Points farther from a rotation axis move faster at the same angular speed.
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Solid Disk Moment of Inertia
A uniform solid disk resists angular acceleration according to its mass distribution about the central axis.
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Rotational Kinetic Energy
Rotational energy depends on angular speed and how mass is distributed around the axis.
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Angular Momentum
For rotation about a fixed principal axis, angular momentum is inertia times angular velocity.
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Sensible Heat
Sensible heat changes temperature without changing phase.
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Latent Heat
Latent heat estimates energy involved in a phase change at the appropriate transition condition.
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Linear Thermal Expansion
A linear expansion model estimates a small length change from temperature difference.
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Ideal Gas Pressure
The ideal gas law relates pressure, amount, temperature and volume.
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Celsius to Kelvin
The Kelvin and Celsius scales have equal interval sizes but different zero points.
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Celsius to Fahrenheit
This affine conversion changes both interval size and reference zero.
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Speed Conversion
Kilometres and hours convert independently into metres and seconds.
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Energy Conversion
A kilowatt-hour combines a power level with a duration to measure energy.
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